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Geminal diols or gem-diols are the product of the addition of water to a carbonyl group of either an aldehyde or a ketone. These compounds are rarely stable and seldom found in the liquid or solid state since the moisture balance is largely dependent …

Biofilms are common in nature and are often associated with undesirable effects such as the deterioration of concrete, metal corrosion, fouling of oil and gas pipelines and ships hulls, dental plaques causing tooth decay, and microbial colonization …

Biosensors are devices that involve the selectivity and specificity of biological systems and the ability of a transducer to convert biological information in a signal proportional to the analyte concentration. Usually the biological component of a …